Category: 761446-44-0

Pyrazole and its derivatives are considered a pharmacologically important active scaffold that possesses almost all types of pharmacological activities. 761446-44-0, formula is C10H17BN2O2, Name is 1-Methyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole. Pyrazole is a weak base, with pKb 11.5 (pKa of the conjugated acid 2.49 at 25 °C).Pyrazole used as a ligand to prepare organometallic compounds. COA of Formula: C10H17BN2O2.

Zhuo, Lin-Sheng;Wang, Ming-Shu;Wu, Feng-Xu;Xu, Hong-Chuang;Gong, Yi;Yu, Zhi-Cheng;Tian, Yan-Guang;Pang, Chao;Hao, Ge-Fei;Huang, Wei;Yang, Guang-Fu research published 《 Discovery of Next-Generation Tropomyosin Receptor Kinase Inhibitors for Combating Multiple Resistance Associated with Protein Mutation》, the research content is summarized as follows. Tropomyosin receptor kinase (TRK) inhibition is an effective therapeutic approach for treatment of a variety of cancers. Despite the use of first-generation TRK inhibitor (TRKI) larotrectinib (1) resulting in significant therapeutic response in patients, acquired resistance develops invariably. The emergence of secondary mutations occurring at the solvent-front, xDFG, and gatekeeper regions of TRK represents a common mechanism for acquired resistance. However, xDFG mutations remain insensitive to second-generation macrocyclic TRKIs selitrectinib (3) and repotrectinib (4) designed to overcome the resistance mediated by solvent-front and gatekeeper mutations. Here, we report the structure-based drug design and discovery of a next-generation TRKI. The structure-activity relationship studies culminated in the identification of a promising drug candidate 8 that showed excellent in vitro potency on a panel of TRK mutants, especially TRKA^G667C in the xDFG motif, and improved in vivo efficacy than 1 and 3 in TRK wild-type and mutant fusion-driven tumor xenograft models, resp.

761446-44-0, 1-Methyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C10H17BN2O2 and its molecular weight is 208.07 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%., COA of Formula: C10H17BN2O2

Referemce:
Pyrazole – Wikipedia,
Pyrazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Pyrazole is an organic compound with the formula C3H3N2H. It is a heterocycle characterized by a 5-membered ring of three carbon atoms and two adjacent nitrogen atoms, which are in ortho-substitution. 761446-44-0, formula is C10H17BN2O2, Name is 1-Methyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole. Pyrazoles are a class of compounds that have the ring C3N2 with adjacent nitrogen atoms.Notable drugs containing a pyrazole ring are celecoxib (celebrex) and the anabolic steroid stanozolol. Safety of 1-Methyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole.

Zhou, Hua;McGowan, Meredeth A.;Lipford, Kathryn;Christopher, Matthew;Fradera, Xavier;Witter, David;Lesburg, Charles A.;Li, Chaomin;Methot, Joey L.;Lampe, John;Achab, Abdelghani;Shaffer, Lynsey;Goldenblatt, Peter;Shah, Sanjiv;Bass, Alan;Schroeder, Gottfried;Chen, Dapeng;Zeng, Haoyu;Augustin, Martin A.;Katz, Jason D. research published 《 Discovery and optimization of heteroaryl piperazines as potent and selective PI3Kδ inhibitors》, the research content is summarized as follows. A high-throughput screening (HTS) campaign identified a class of heteroaryl piperazines with excellent baseline affinity and selectivity for phosphoinositide 3-kinase δ (PI3Kδ) over closely related isoforms. Rapid evaluation and optimization of structure-activity relationships (SAR) for this class, leveraging the modular nature of this scaffold, facilitated development of this hit class into a series of potent and selective inhibitors of PI3Kδ. This effort culminated in the identification of 29, which displayed excellent potency in enzyme and cell-based assays, as well as favorable pharmacokinetic and off-target profiles.

761446-44-0, 1-Methyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C10H17BN2O2 and its molecular weight is 208.07 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%., Safety of 1-Methyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole

Referemce:
Pyrazole – Wikipedia,
Pyrazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Pyrazole and its derivatives are considered a pharmacologically important active scaffold that possesses almost all types of pharmacological activities. 761446-44-0, formula is C10H17BN2O2, Name is 1-Methyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole. Pyrazole is a weak base, with pKb 11.5 (pKa of the conjugated acid 2.49 at 25 °C).Pyrazole used as a ligand to prepare organometallic compounds. Name: 1-Methyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole.

Zhong, Zhenpeng;Shi, Liyang;Fu, Tiancheng;Huang, Jiajun;Pan, Zhengying research published 《 Discovery of Novel 7-Azaindole Derivatives as Selective Covalent Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 4 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma》, the research content is summarized as follows. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) has been identified as a potential target for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with aberrant FGFR4 signaling because of its important role in HCC progression and development. Several FGFR4 inhibitors are under clin. development. Using a 7-azaindole scaffold, we discovered a series of novel selective and covalent FGFR4 inhibitors by performing a structure-based design approach. Representative compounds I and II exhibited potent FGFR4 inhibition and high selectivity among kinases. Western blot anal. showed that compounds I and II significantly inhibited the FGF19/FGFR4 signaling pathway in HuH-7 cells and effectively suppressed the proliferation of HuH-7 HCC cells and MDA-MB-453 breast cancer cells. Moreover, compound II exhibited significant in vivo antitumor activity in a mouse HuH-7 xenograft model. Thus, compound II and the 7-azaindole scaffold can be applied to develop anticancer agents for the treatment of cancers characterized by aberrant FGFR4 signaling.

761446-44-0, 1-Methyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C10H17BN2O2 and its molecular weight is 208.07 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%., Name: 1-Methyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole

Referemce:
Pyrazole – Wikipedia,
Pyrazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Pyrazoles are synthesized by the reaction of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes with hydrazine and subsequent dehydrogenation. 761446-44-0, formula is C10H17BN2O2, Name is 1-Methyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole. Substituted pyrazoles are prepared by condensation of 1,3-diketones with hydrazine (Knorr-type reactions). For example, acetylacetone and hydrazine gives 3,5-dimethylpyrazole. Application In Synthesis of 761446-44-0.

Zhang, Yun;Xia, Anjie;Zhang, Shiyu;Lin, Guifeng;Liu, Jingming;Chen, Pei;Mu, Bo;Jiao, Yan;Xu, Wenwen;Chen, Mingxin;Li, Linli research published 《 Discovery of 3,6-disubstituted-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives as a new class of CLK1 inhibitors》, the research content is summarized as follows. Inhibition of cdc2-like kinase1 (CLK1) could efficiently induce autophagy and it has been thought as a potential target for treatment of autophagy-related diseases. Herein we report the discovery of a series of 3,6-disubstituted-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives as a new class of CLK1 inhibitors. Among them, compound 9e (I) is the most potent one, which exhibits an IC₅₀ value of 4 nM against CLK1 kinase. In vitro, this compound reduces the phosphorylation level of the typical downstream substrates of CLK1 and affects their subcellular redistribution. Further study indicates that 9e is efficient to induce autophagy. Overall, this study provides a promising lead compound for drug discovery targeting CLK1 kinase.

Application In Synthesis of 761446-44-0, 1-Methyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C10H17BN2O2 and its molecular weight is 208.07 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%., 761446-44-0.

Referemce:
Pyrazole – Wikipedia,
Pyrazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Pyrazoles are synthesized by the reaction of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes with hydrazine and subsequent dehydrogenation. 761446-44-0, formula is C10H17BN2O2, Name is 1-Methyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole. Substituted pyrazoles are prepared by condensation of 1,3-diketones with hydrazine (Knorr-type reactions). For example, acetylacetone and hydrazine gives 3,5-dimethylpyrazole. Formula: C10H17BN2O2.

Yin, Yuan;Chen, Cheng-Juan;Yu, Ru-Nan;Wang, Zhi-Jian;Zhang, Tian-Tai;Zhang, Da-Yong research published 《 Structure-based design and synthesis of 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-amino derivatives as Janus kinase 3 inhibitors》, the research content is summarized as follows. Here, the discovery and optimization of 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-amino as covalent JAK3 inhibitors that exploit a unique cysteine (Cys909) residue in JAK3 is reported. Optimization study gave I which exhibited potent JAK3 inhibitory activity (IC₅₀ of 6.2 nM) as well as excellent JAK kinase selectivity (>60-fold). In cellular assay, I exhibited potent immunomodulating effect on IL-2-stimulated T cell proliferation (IC₅₀ of 9.4 μM). Further, I showed efficacy in delayed hypersensitivity assay. The data supports the further investigation of these compounds as novel JAKs inhibitors.

Formula: C10H17BN2O2, 1-Methyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C10H17BN2O2 and its molecular weight is 208.07 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%., 761446-44-0.

Referemce:
Pyrazole – Wikipedia,
Pyrazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Pyrazole and its derivatives are considered a pharmacologically important active scaffold that possesses almost all types of pharmacological activities. 761446-44-0, formula is C10H17BN2O2, Name is 1-Methyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole. Pyrazole is a weak base, with pKb 11.5 (pKa of the conjugated acid 2.49 at 25 °C).Pyrazole used as a ligand to prepare organometallic compounds. COA of Formula: C10H17BN2O2.

Yue, Eddy W.;Li, Yun-Long;Douty, Brent;He, Chunhong;Mei, Song;Wayland, Brian;Maduskuie, Thomas;Falahatpisheh, Nikoo;Sparks, Richard B.;Polam, Padmaja;Zhu, Wenyu;Glenn, Joseph;Feng, Hao;Zhang, Ke;Li, Yanlong;He, Xin;Katiyar, Kamna;Covington, Maryanne;Feldman, Patricia;Shin, Niu;Wang, Kathy He;Diamond, Sharon;Li, Yu;Koblish, Holly K.;Hall, Leslie;Scherle, Peggy;Yeleswaram, Swamy;Xue, Chu-Biao;Metcalf, Brian;Combs, Andrew P.;Yao, Wenqing research published 《 INCB050465 (Parsaclisib), a Novel Next-Generation Inhibitor of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Delta (PI3Kδ)》, the research content is summarized as follows. A medicinal chem. effort focused on identifying a structurally diverse candidate for phosphoinositide 3-kinase delta (PI3Kδ) led to the discovery of clin. candidate INCB050465 (20, parsaclisib). The unique structure of 20 contains a pyrazolopyrimidine hinge-binder in place of a purine motif that is present in other PI3Kδ inhibitors, such as idelalisib (1), duvelisib (2), and INCB040093 (3, dezapelisib). Parsaclisib (20) is a potent and highly selective inhibitor of PI3Kδ with drug-like ADME properties that exhibited an excellent in vivo profile as demonstrated through pharmacokinetic studies in rats, dogs, and monkeys and through pharmacodynamic and efficacy studies in a mouse Pfeiffer xenograft model.

761446-44-0, 1-Methyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C10H17BN2O2 and its molecular weight is 208.07 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%., COA of Formula: C10H17BN2O2

Referemce:
Pyrazole – Wikipedia,
Pyrazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Pyrazoles can be selectively lithiated at different carbons and subsequently react with electrophiles depending on the substitution patterns. 761446-44-0, formula is C10H17BN2O2, Name is 1-Methyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole. 1-Methyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole underwent deprotonation and subsequent carboxylation mainly or exclusively at either the 4-position of the heterocycle or at the nitrogen-attached methyl group. Category: pyrazoles-derivatives.

Zhang, Chufeng;Qi, Wenyan;Li, Yong;Tang, Minghai;Yang, Tao;Liu, Kongjun;Chen, Yong;Deng, Dexin;Xiang, Mingli;Chen, Lijuan research published 《 Discovery of 3-(4-(2-((1H-Indol-5-yl)amino)-5-fluoropyrimidin-4-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)propanenitrile Derivatives as Selective TYK2 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease》, the research content is summarized as follows. The design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationships (SARs) of 3-(4-(2-((1H-indol-5-yl)amino)-5-fluoropyrimidin-4-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)propanenitrile I [R⁵= 2-cyanoethyl; R⁶ = Me, fluoro; R⁷ = indolin-5-yl, 1-oxoisoindolin-5-yl, 1-tert-butoxycarbonylindol-5-yl, etc.] as selective TYK2 inhibitors was reported. Among them, compound I [R⁵ = 2-cyanoethyl; R⁶ = fluoro; R⁷ = 1-tert-butoxycarbonylindol-5-yl] exhibited acceptable TYK2 inhibition with an IC₅₀ value of 9 nM, showed satisfactory selectivity characteristics over the other three homologous JAK kinases, and performed good functional potency in the JAK/STAT signaling pathway on lymphocyte lines and human whole blood. In liver microsomal assay studied that the clearance rate and half-life of I [R⁵ = 2-cyanoethyl; R⁶ = fluoro; R⁷ = 1-tert-butoxycarbonylindol-5-yl] were 11.4 mL/min/g and 121.6 min, resp. Furthermore, in a dextran sulfate sodium colitis model, I [R⁵ = 2-cyanoethyl; R⁶ = fluoro; R⁷ = 1-tert-butoxycarbonylindol-5-yl] reduced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α and improved the inflammation symptoms of mucosal infiltration, thickening, and edema. Compound I [R⁵ = 2-cyanoethyl; R⁶ = fluoro; R⁷ = 1-tert-butoxycarbonylindol-5-yl] was aselective TYK2 inhibitor and was used to treat immune diseases and deserved further investigation.

761446-44-0, 1-Methyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C10H17BN2O2 and its molecular weight is 208.07 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%., Category: pyrazoles-derivatives

Referemce:
Pyrazole – Wikipedia,
Pyrazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Pyrazoles are synthesized by the reaction of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes with hydrazine and subsequent dehydrogenation. 761446-44-0, formula is C10H17BN2O2, Name is 1-Methyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole. Substituted pyrazoles are prepared by condensation of 1,3-diketones with hydrazine (Knorr-type reactions). For example, acetylacetone and hydrazine gives 3,5-dimethylpyrazole. Recommanded Product: 1-Methyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole.

Zhang, Hefeng;Peng, Xia;Dai, Yang;Shao, Jingwei;Ji, Yinchun;Sun, Yiming;Liu, Bo;Cheng, Xu;Ai, Jing;Duan, Wenhu research published 《 Discovery of a Pyrimidinedione Derivative as a Potent and Orally Bioavailable Axl Inhibitor》, the research content is summarized as follows. The receptor tyrosine kinase Axl plays important roles in promoting cancer progression, metastasis, and drug resistance and has been identified as a promising target for anticancer therapeutics. We used mol. modeling-assisted structural optimization starting with the low micromolar potency compound I to discover compound II, a highly potent and orally bioavailable Axl inhibitor. Selectivity profiling showed that II could inhibit the well-known oncogenic kinase Met with equal potency to its inhibition of Axl superfamily kinases. Compound II significantly inhibited cellular Axl and Met signaling, suppressed Axl- and Met-driven cell proliferation, and restrained Gas6/Axl-mediated cancer cell migration or invasion. Furthermore, II exhibited significant antitumor efficacy in Axl-driven and Met-driven tumor xenograft models, causing tumor stasis or regression at well-tolerated doses. All these favorable data make II a promising therapeutic candidate for cancer treatment.

761446-44-0, 1-Methyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C10H17BN2O2 and its molecular weight is 208.07 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%., Recommanded Product: 1-Methyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole

Referemce:
Pyrazole – Wikipedia,
Pyrazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Pyrazole is an organic compound with the formula C3H3N2H. It is a heterocycle characterized by a 5-membered ring of three carbon atoms and two adjacent nitrogen atoms, which are in ortho-substitution. 761446-44-0, formula is C10H17BN2O2, Name is 1-Methyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole. Pyrazoles are a class of compounds that have the ring C3N2 with adjacent nitrogen atoms.Notable drugs containing a pyrazole ring are celecoxib (celebrex) and the anabolic steroid stanozolol. Computed Properties of 761446-44-0.

Zhang, Lingtian;Lakkaniga, Naga Rajiv;Bharate, Jaideep B.;Mcconnell, Nicholas;Wang, Xiuqi;Kharbanda, Anupreet;Leung, Yuet-Kin;Frett, Brendan;Shah, Neil P.;Li, Hong-yu research published 《 Discovery of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-thiophene derivatives as FLT3 and FLT3 mutants inhibitors for acute myeloid leukemia through structure-based optimization of an NEK2 inhibitor》, the research content is summarized as follows. FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) with an internal tandem duplication (ITD) mutation has been validated as a driver lesion and a therapeutic target for acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Currently, several potent small-mol. FLT3 kinase inhibitors are being evaluated or have completed evaluation in clin. trials. However, many of these inhibitors are challenged by the secondary mutations on kinase domain, especially the point mutations at the activation loop (D835) and gatekeeper residue (F691). To overcome the resistance challenge, we identified a novel series of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-thiophene derivatives from a NIMA-related kinase 2 (NEK2) kinase inhibitor CMP3a, which retained inhibitory activities on FTL3-ITDD835V and FLT3-ITDF691L. Through this study, we identified the imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-thiophene derivatives as type-I inhibitors of FLT3. Moreover, we observed compound 5o as an inhibitor displaying equal anti-proliferative activities against FLT3-ITD, FTL3-ITDD835Y and FLT3-ITDF691L driven acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines. Meanwhile, the apoptotic effects of compound supported its mechanism of anti-proliferative action. These results indicate that the imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-thiophene scaffold is promising for targeting acquired resistance caused by FLT3 secondary mutations and compound 5o is an interesting lead in this direction.

761446-44-0, 1-Methyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C10H17BN2O2 and its molecular weight is 208.07 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%., Computed Properties of 761446-44-0

Referemce:
Pyrazole – Wikipedia,
Pyrazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Pyrazoles can be selectively lithiated at different carbons and subsequently react with electrophiles depending on the substitution patterns. 761446-44-0, formula is C10H17BN2O2, Name is 1-Methyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole. 1-Methyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole underwent deprotonation and subsequent carboxylation mainly or exclusively at either the 4-position of the heterocycle or at the nitrogen-attached methyl group. SDS of cas: 761446-44-0.

Zhang, Lingzhi;Ju, Qiurong;Sun, Jinjin;Huang, Lei;Wu, Shiqi;Wang, Shuping;Li, Yin;Guan, Zhe;Zhu, Qihua;Xu, Yungen research published 《 Discovery of novel dual extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors as a promising strategy for cancer therapy》, the research content is summarized as follows. The scaffold-hopping generation of a series of 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines I (R¹ = 2-methylpyridin-4-yl, 1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl; R² = Bn, cyclopentyl) dual ERK/PI3K inhibitors was reported. 1-(7-(1H-Pyrazol-4-yl)pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-yl)-3-cyclopentylurea was the most promising candidate, with potent inhibitory activities against both ERK2 and PI3Kα which displays superior anti-proliferative profiles against HCT116 and HEC1B cancer cells. Meanwhile, 1-(7-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-yl)-3-cyclopentylurea possessed acceptable pharmacokinetic profiles and showed more efficacious anti-tumor activity than GDDC-0980 and the corresponding drug combination (BVD-523 + GDDC-0980) in HCT-116 xenograft model, with a tumor growth inhibitory rate of 51% without causing observable toxic effects. All the results indicated that 1-(7-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-yl)-3-cyclopentylurea was a highly effective anticancer compound and provided a promising basis for further optimization towards dual ERK/PI3K inhibitors.

SDS of cas: 761446-44-0, 1-Methyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C10H17BN2O2 and its molecular weight is 208.07 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%., 761446-44-0.

Referemce:
Pyrazole – Wikipedia,
Pyrazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics