Simple exploration of 120068-79-3

The synthetic route of 120068-79-3 has been constantly updated, and we look forward to future research findings.

In the next few decades, the world population will flourish. As the population grows rapidly and people all over the world use more and more resources, all industries must consider their environmental impact. 120068-79-3, name is 5-Amino-1-(2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile belongs to pyrazoles-derivatives compound, it is a common compound, a new synthetic route is introduced below. Application In Synthesis of 5-Amino-1-(2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile

General procedure: A mixture of compound A (5 mmol) and corresponding benzaldehyde (5 mmol) in 10 mL ethanol was refluxed for 24 hours in a reaction flask wrapped up by silver paper. Upon the reactions completed (monitored by TLC), tawny solids were obtained through suction filtration. The precipitates were washed with ethanol (5 mLx3) and recrystallized from ethanol with 50-84% yields.

The synthetic route of 120068-79-3 has been constantly updated, and we look forward to future research findings.

Reference:
Letter; Li, Guanglong; Zhou, Cong; Zhu, Chengchun; He, Lujue; Li, Xiaoyang; Xu, Zhiping; Xu, Xiaoyong; Shao, Xusheng; Li, Zhong; Cheng, Jiagao; Letters in drug design and discovery; vol. 16; 10; (2019); p. 1175 – 1180;,
Pyrazole – Wikipedia,
Pyrazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Simple exploration of C11H5Cl2F3N4

At the same time, in my other blogs, there are other synthetic methods of this type of compound, 5-Amino-1-(2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile, and friends who are interested can also refer to it.

Reference of 120068-79-3, As we all know, there are many different methods for the synthesis of a compound, and people can choose the synthesis method that suits their own laboratory according to the actual situation. 120068-79-3 name is 5-Amino-1-(2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile, This compound is widely used in many fields, so it is necessary to find a new synthetic route. The downstream synthesis method of this compound is introduced below.

Preparation A1 5-Amino-3-cyano-1-(2,6dichloro-4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-4-iodopyrazole To a stirred solution of 5-amino-3-cyano-1-(2.6-dichloro-4-trifluoromethylphenyl)pyrazole (prepared as described in EP 295 117 A1) (5.0 g) in acetonitrile (60 ml) at room temperature was added N-iodosuccinimide (3.52 g), portionwise over a period of five minutes. Stirring was continued for 1 hr and the mixture was then evaporated to dryness to provide the crude product (8.2 g), still containing succinimide. This may be used without further purification or, if desired, purified by partitioning between dichloromethane and water, separating, drying (MgSO4) and evaporating the organic layer to produce a yellow solid. Trituration with hexane provided the title compound as a white solid, m.p. 213 C. (decomp.).

At the same time, in my other blogs, there are other synthetic methods of this type of compound, 5-Amino-1-(2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile, and friends who are interested can also refer to it.

Reference:
Patent; Pfizer Inc.; US6069157; (2000); A;,
Pyrazole – Wikipedia,
Pyrazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Discovery of C11H5Cl2F3N4

At the same time, in my other blogs, there are other synthetic methods of this type of compound, 5-Amino-1-(2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile, and friends who are interested can also refer to it.

Adding a certain compound to certain chemical reactions, such as: 120068-79-3, name is 5-Amino-1-(2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile, belongs to pyrazoles-derivatives compound, can increase the reaction rate and produce products with better performance than those obtained under traditional synthetic methods. Here is a downstream synthesis route of the compound 120068-79-3, Application In Synthesis of 5-Amino-1-(2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile

In a three-necked flask equipped with a dropping funnel, a stirrer and a thermometer was added lmol of 5-amino-3-cyano-1-(2,6-dichloro-4- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl) -pyrazole (II), 1.5piomicron1 sodium trifluoromethylsulfinate, 800ml of toluene and 0.08 mol (III) ionic liquid,After stirring for 5 min, the mixture was cooled to -2 C with stirring under ice-cooling. The mixture was stirred under stirringIn the above reactor, a solution of 1.2 mol of phosphorus trichloride in 80 ml of toluene was slowly added dropwise, stirred and heated to 50 C for 5 h,The reaction was quenched with ice water, extracted with methylene chloride, the organic phase was kept and washed once with saturated sodium bicarbonate, washed with brine. 5-amino-1-(2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-4-(trifluoromethylthio)-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile(0.965mol, ? 96% yield) (I),, the purity was 97.7%; further recrystallization was carried out using toluene, and the yield was 90%To give a purity of ? 99% (yield ? 94%)

At the same time, in my other blogs, there are other synthetic methods of this type of compound, 5-Amino-1-(2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile, and friends who are interested can also refer to it.

Reference:
Patent; Dongguan City, Green Wheat Field Digital Technology Co.,Ltd; Liu, Lirong; (6 pag.)CN105541718; (2016); A;,
Pyrazole – Wikipedia,
Pyrazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

The important role of 120068-79-3

According to the analysis of related databases, 120068-79-3, the application of this compound in the production field has become more and more popular.

In the chemical reaction process, reaction time, type of solvent, can easily affect the result of the reaction, thereby determining the yield and properties of the reaction product. An updated downstream synthesis route of 120068-79-3 as follows. Recommanded Product: 120068-79-3

In 100 mLReactor30 mL of N, N-dimethylformamide,6.6 g of 1- (2,6-dichloro-4-trifluoromethyl) phenyl-3-cyano-5-aminopyrazole,2.5 g of triethylamine,2.09 g of 1,4-cyclohexanedionyl chloride,After mixing,Put the reactor into the oven,The reaction temperature was 160 C,The reaction time was 360 minutes.After completion of the reaction,The solvent was removed by rotary evaporation,Adjust the pH to neutral,extraction,After drying over anhydrous magnesium sulfate,(Petroleum ether and ethyl acetate (4: 1)) to obtain 6.47 g of (II) 6 as a pale yellow solid,The yield was 83.1% .

According to the analysis of related databases, 120068-79-3, the application of this compound in the production field has become more and more popular.

Reference:
Patent; South Central University for Nationalities; Chen, Lianqing; Zhou, Quan; Niu, Xionglei; (17 pag.)CN105693612; (2016); A;,
Pyrazole – Wikipedia,
Pyrazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Introduction of a new synthetic route about 120068-79-3

These compound has a wide range of applications. It is believed that with the continuous development of the source of the synthetic route 120068-79-3, its application will become more common.

Some common heterocyclic compound, 120068-79-3, name is 5-Amino-1-(2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile, molecular formula is C11H5Cl2F3N4, traditional synthetic route has been very mature, but the traditional synthetic route has various shortcomings, such as complicated route, low yield, poor purity, etc, below Introduce a new synthetic route. Recommanded Product: 120068-79-3

General procedure: Phenylpyrazole (0.2 mmol), arylboronic acid (0.4 mmol), NIS (0.2 mmol), [Pd] (10 mol%), NaHCO3 (0.4 mmol) and C2H5OH:H2O (3:1, 10 mL), were added to a Schlenk tube. Then the tube was charged with N2 and the reaction mixture was stirred at 80 C for 18 h. After the completion of the reaction, as monitored by TLC, the mixture was cooled and filtrated. The filtrate was extracted with ethyl acetate and washed with brine. Then the combined organic extracts were dried over Na2SO4, concentrated under vacuum and the resulting residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford the desired products.

These compound has a wide range of applications. It is believed that with the continuous development of the source of the synthetic route 120068-79-3, its application will become more common.

Reference:
Article; Lv, Ting; Zhang, Xiao-Hong; Han, Jiang-Sheng; Zhong, Ping; Journal of Fluorine Chemistry; vol. 137; (2012); p. 44 – 49;,
Pyrazole – Wikipedia,
Pyrazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Introduction of a new synthetic route about C11H5Cl2F3N4

These compound has a wide range of applications. It is believed that with the continuous development of the source of the synthetic route 5-Amino-1-(2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile, its application will become more common.

Related Products of 120068-79-3,Some common heterocyclic compound, 120068-79-3, name is 5-Amino-1-(2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile, molecular formula is C11H5Cl2F3N4, traditional synthetic route has been very mature, but the traditional synthetic route has various shortcomings, such as complicated route, low yield, poor purity, etc, below Introduce a new synthetic route.

Example 12; To a glass reactor having a central vertical stirrer, a vertical condenser & a dip tube for passing chlorine gas, was charged 730 ml of 3N HC1 in 83.4gm of carbon disulfide, 388gm chlorine gas bubbled over 10 hrs at 24- 25C. Reaction was terminated when carbon disulfide was < 1%. Trichloromethylsulfenyl chloride, 193 gm was obtained after work up & fractionation.Trichloromethylsulfenyl chloride (193 gm) was added in to a mixture of 500 gm water & 100 ml methylene dichloride, along with 83gm Sulfur dioxide gas at 10C, over a period of 4 hrs. Reaction was terminated, when trichloromethyl sulfenyl chloride was <1%. Layer separation gave 228 g of thiophosgene which was added to a stirred mixture of 175 gm activated KF, 1 10 gm ortho-chlorobenzyl chloride and 340 gm spherogel (with 2mm diameter), at 60C, over a period of 3hrs & further maintained at 60C for 2 hrs gave 98% conversion. ortho-Chlorobenzyl trifluoromethylsulfide (138 gms) was isolated by filtration, followed by distillation, which was added to 500 ml methylene chloride, cooled to 0 to 10C & 41 gm chlorine gas was bubbled into it, the reaction was maintained for 2 hrs & then heated slowly to 40-45C. Generated trifluoromethylsulfenyl chloride was passed in to a solution of 5-amino-3-cyano-l-(2,6-dichloro-4- trifluoromethyl phenyl)-pyrazole in methylene dichloride to get 225 g of 5- amino-l-(2,6-dichloro-4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3-cyano-4-trifluoromethyl thiopyrazole. These compound has a wide range of applications. It is believed that with the continuous development of the source of the synthetic route 5-Amino-1-(2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile, its application will become more common. Reference:
Patent; GHARDA, Keki Hormusji; WO2011/107998; (2011); A1;,
Pyrazole – Wikipedia,
Pyrazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Share a compound : 120068-79-3

In the field of chemistry, the synthetic routes of compounds are constantly being developed and updated. I will also mention this compound in other articles, 5-Amino-1-(2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile, other downstream synthetic routes, hurry up and to see.

Electric Literature of 120068-79-3, In the next few decades, the world population will flourish. As the population grows rapidly and people all over the world use more and more resources, all industries must consider their environmental impact. 120068-79-3, name is 5-Amino-1-(2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile belongs to pyrazoles-derivatives compound, it is a common compound, a new synthetic route is introduced below.

Example 1; Sulfinylation of 5-amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1 H- pyrazole-3-carbonitrile with triethylamine hydrochloride, sodium trifluoromethylsulfinate and thionylchloride, in 6.5 molar equivalents of tolueneWithin a 3-neck, 50 ml. round bottom flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer bar and a thermometer were placed vacuum dried sodium trifluoromethylsulfinate (4.29 g, 27.5 mmol), vacuum dried triethylamine hydrochloride (5.16 g, 37.5 mmol), and 13 ml. an- hydrous toluene (6.5 molar equivalents relative to 5-amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1 H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile) under an argon atmosphere. After cooling to 00C to 5 0C with an ice bath, thionylchloride (3.57 g, 30 mmol) was added slowly while keeping the reaction temperature below 5 0C. After stirring for another 30 min, vacuum dried 5-amino-1-(2,6-dichloro-4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-1 H-pyrazole-3- carbonitrile (8.03 g, 25 mmol, 99 % purity) was added at 5 0C, and the reaction mixture was heated to 50 0C within 5 min by a preheated water bath. The temperature of 50 0C was kept for another 6 hours before quenching the reaction with 50 ml. of saturated NaHCO3 solution. The resulting suspension was diluted with 30 ml. of ethylacetate. After phase separa- tion the organic layer was washed once with saturated NaHCtheta3 solution and concentrated under reduced pressure until dryness. The crude product was crystallized from refluxing toluene (100 g) affording the title compound as a white crystalline powder (8.06 g, 70 % yield, 94 % purity by quantitative HPLC). 1H-NMR (Bruker DRX-500, d6- DMSO): delta [ppm]: 8.33 (s), 7.57 (s).; Example 3; Sulfinylation of 5-amino-1 -[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1 H- pyrazole-3-carbonitrile via addition of a mixture of sodium trifluoromethylsulfinate, triethylamine hydrochloride and thionylchloride to 5-amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1 H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrileWithin a 3-neck, 50 ml. round bottom flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer bar and a thermometer were placed vacuum dried sodium trifluoromethylsulfinate (4.29 g, 27.5 mmol), vacuum dried triethylamine hydrochloride (5.16 g, 37.5 mmol), and 10 g anhydrous toluene under an argon atmosphere. After cooling to 0 – 5 0C with an ice bath thionylchloride (3.57 g, 30 mmol) was added while keeping the reaction temperature below 5 0C. After stirring for another 30 min the cooled sulfinic acid solution was added at once to a stirred suspension of vacuum dried 5-amino-1-(2,6-dichloro-4- trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-1 H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile (8.03 g, 25 mmol, 99 % purity) in 5 g toluene with a temperature of 50 0C. The temperature of 50 0C was kept for another 5 hours before quenching the reaction with 50 ml. of saturated NaHCU3 solution. The resulting suspension was diluted with 30 ml. of ethylacetate. After phase separation the organic layer was washed once with saturated NaHCU3 solution and concentrated under reduced pressure until dryness. The crude product was crystallized from refluxing toluene (100 g) affording the title compound as a white crystalline powder (7.25 g, 63 % yield, 94 % purity by quantitative HPLC). 1H-NMR (Bruker DRX-500, d6- DMSO): delta [ppm]: 8.33 (s), 7.57 (s).; Example 11; Sulfinylation of 5-amino-1 -[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1 H- pyrazole-3-carbonitrile with thionylchloride, triethylamine hydrochloride and dosage of potassium trifluoromethylsulfinateWithin a 750 mL reactor with a mechanical stirrer and a thermometer were placed vac- uum dried triethylamine hydrochloride (51.1 g, 368 mmol), 147 g anhydrous toluene(6.5 molar equivalents relative to 5-amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1 H- pyrazole-3-carbonitrile), and thionylchloride (35.7 g, 294 mmol) under an argon atmosphere. After cooling to 00C to 5 0C with external cooling, vacuum dried potassium trifluoromethylsulfinate (50.4 g, 296 mmol) was added in three equal portions every 10 min while keeping the reaction temperature below 5 0C. After stirring for another 30 min, vacuum dried 5-amino-1-(2,6-dichloro-4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-1 H-pyrazole-3- carbonitrile (79.5 g, 245 mmol, 99 % purity) was added at 5 0C, and the reaction mixture was kept at 5 0C for 60 min and then heated to 35 0C within 45 min. The temperature of 35 0C was kept for another 10 hours before quenching the reaction with 200 g of sodium hydroxide solution (10 wt.%).The resulting suspension was diluted with 176 mL of ethylacetate. After phase separation the organic layer was washed once with sodium hydroxide solution (10 wt.%). After phase separation, the organic layer was analyzed by quantitative HPLC (79 % yield). The content of compound F was below 2.9 weight percent in the crude mixture (without solvent). The product was crystallized from a mixture of ethylacetate and toluene affording the title compound as a white crystalline powder (77.1 g, 75 % yield, 98 % purity by quantitative HPLC).; Example 15; Sulfinylation of 5-amino-1-[2,6…

In the field of chemistry, the synthetic routes of compounds are constantly being developed and updated. I will also mention this compound in other articles, 5-Amino-1-(2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile, other downstream synthetic routes, hurry up and to see.

Reference:
Patent; BASF SE; WO2008/55877; (2008); A1;,
Pyrazole – Wikipedia,
Pyrazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Analyzing the synthesis route of 120068-79-3

Statistics shows that 5-Amino-1-(2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile is playing an increasingly important role. we look forward to future research findings about 120068-79-3.

Synthetic Route of 120068-79-3, These common heterocyclic compound, 120068-79-3, name is 5-Amino-1-(2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile, its traditional synthetic route has been very mature, but the traditional synthetic route has various shortcomings, such as complicated route, low yield, poor purity, etc, below Introduce a new synthetic route.

General procedure: Phenylpyrazole (0.2 mmol), arylboronic acid (0.4 mmol), NIS (0.2 mmol), [Pd] (10 mol%), NaHCO3 (0.4 mmol) and C2H5OH:H2O (3:1, 10 mL), were added to a Schlenk tube. Then the tube was charged with N2 and the reaction mixture was stirred at 80 C for 18 h. After the completion of the reaction, as monitored by TLC, the mixture was cooled and filtrated. The filtrate was extracted with ethyl acetate and washed with brine. Then the combined organic extracts were dried over Na2SO4, concentrated under vacuum and the resulting residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford the desired products.

Statistics shows that 5-Amino-1-(2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile is playing an increasingly important role. we look forward to future research findings about 120068-79-3.

Reference:
Article; Lv, Ting; Zhang, Xiao-Hong; Han, Jiang-Sheng; Zhong, Ping; Journal of Fluorine Chemistry; vol. 137; (2012); p. 44 – 49;,
Pyrazole – Wikipedia,
Pyrazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Introduction of a new synthetic route about 120068-79-3

The basis of chemical reaction formula synthesis, the synthesis route is composed of some specific reactions and combined according to certain logical thinking. We look forward to the emergence of more reaction modes in the future.

Researchers who often do experiments know that organic synthesis is a process of preparing more complex target molecules from simple raw materials through one or more chemical reactions. Generally, it requires fewer steps, and cheap raw materials. 120068-79-3, name is 5-Amino-1-(2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile, A new synthetic method of this compound is introduced below., Recommanded Product: 120068-79-3

Example 1; Sulfinylation of 5-amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1 H- pyrazole-3-carbonitrile with triethylamine hydrochloride, sodium trifluoromethylsulfinate and thionylchloride, in 6.5 molar equivalents of tolueneWithin a 3-neck, 50 ml. round bottom flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer bar and a thermometer were placed vacuum dried sodium trifluoromethylsulfinate (4.29 g, 27.5 mmol), vacuum dried triethylamine hydrochloride (5.16 g, 37.5 mmol), and 13 ml. an- hydrous toluene (6.5 molar equivalents relative to 5-amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1 H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile) under an argon atmosphere. After cooling to 00C to 5 0C with an ice bath, thionylchloride (3.57 g, 30 mmol) was added slowly while keeping the reaction temperature below 5 0C. After stirring for another 30 min, vacuum dried 5-amino-1-(2,6-dichloro-4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-1 H-pyrazole-3- carbonitrile (8.03 g, 25 mmol, 99 % purity) was added at 5 0C, and the reaction mixture was heated to 50 0C within 5 min by a preheated water bath. The temperature of 50 0C was kept for another 6 hours before quenching the reaction with 50 ml. of saturated NaHCO3 solution. The resulting suspension was diluted with 30 ml. of ethylacetate. After phase separa- tion the organic layer was washed once with saturated NaHCtheta3 solution and concentrated under reduced pressure until dryness. The crude product was crystallized from refluxing toluene (100 g) affording the title compound as a white crystalline powder (8.06 g, 70 % yield, 94 % purity by quantitative HPLC). 1H-NMR (Bruker DRX-500, d6- DMSO): delta [ppm]: 8.33 (s), 7.57 (s).; Example 8; Sulfinylation of 5-amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1 H- pyrazole-3-carbonitrile with trimethylamine hydrochloride, sodium trifluoromethylsulfinate and thionylchloride, in 6.5 molar equivalents of tolueneThe preparation procedure was conducted as described above for example 1. The crude product was crystallized from refluxing toluene (100 g) affording the title compound as a white crystalline powder (71 % yield, 97 % purity by quantitative HPLC).

The basis of chemical reaction formula synthesis, the synthesis route is composed of some specific reactions and combined according to certain logical thinking. We look forward to the emergence of more reaction modes in the future.

Reference:
Patent; BASF SE; WO2008/55877; (2008); A1;,
Pyrazole – Wikipedia,
Pyrazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

The origin of a common compound about 120068-79-3

The synthetic route of 120068-79-3 has been constantly updated, and we look forward to future research findings.

Reference of 120068-79-3, A common heterocyclic compound, 120068-79-3, name is 5-Amino-1-(2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile, molecular formula is C11H5Cl2F3N4, its traditional synthetic route has been very mature, but the traditional synthetic route has various shortcomings, such as complicated route, low yield, poor purity, etc, below Introduce a new synthetic route.

4. Add CF3SOCl to the appropriate reagent, react, heat up, and then add 99.5% of 5-amino-3-cyano-1-(2,6-dichloro-4-trifluoromethylphenyl)pyrazole. And a mixture of p-toluenesulfonic acid dimethylamine salt, while adding a catalyst, and reacting for 10 hours, the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure to obtain 98-99% of fipronil.

The synthetic route of 120068-79-3 has been constantly updated, and we look forward to future research findings.

Reference:
Patent; Jiangsu Tuoqiu Agrochemical Co., Ltd.; Shan Xiaojun; Chen Yunshan; Xu Lidong; Liao Dazhang; (4 pag.)CN104557713; (2018); B;,
Pyrazole – Wikipedia,
Pyrazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics